SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    305, 304, 303, 302, 301, 300, 299, 298, 
    297, 296, 295, 294, 293, 292, 291
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00048

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_product_prices.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "nested_loop": [
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
              "access_type": "ALL",
              "possible_keys": [
                "usergroup",
                "product_id",
                "lower_limit",
                "usergroup_id"
              ],
              "rows": 53,
              "filtered": 28.30188751,
              "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 and cscart_product_prices.product_id in (305,304,303,302,301,300,299,298,297,296,295,294,293,292,291) and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}