SELECT 
  category_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  id_path REGEXP '(^|/)278(/|$)'

Query time 0.00027

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "rows": 131,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.id_path regexp '(^|/)278(/|$)'"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}