SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    286, 
    282, 
    272, 
    280, 
    266, 
    277, 
    273, 
    270, 
    285, 
    287, 
    289, 
    288, 
    292, 
    281, 
    279, 
    291, 
    269, 
    283, 
    275, 
    276, 
    274, 
    267, 
    278, 
    268, 
    271, 
    290, 
    284, 
    235, 
    216, 
    204, 
    242, 
    229, 
    222, 
    307, 
    251, 
    210, 
    168, 
    198, 
    166, 
    212, 
    176, 
    178, 
    190, 
    224, 
    255, 
    246, 
    311, 
    167, 
    182, 
    314, 
    175, 
    230, 
    220, 
    252, 
    197, 
    211, 
    213, 
    236, 
    185, 
    169, 
    243, 
    191, 
    247, 
    209, 
    217, 
    312, 
    203, 
    225, 
    193, 
    223, 
    315, 
    199, 
    215, 
    221, 
    214, 
    231, 
    240, 
    208, 
    179, 
    249, 
    253, 
    226, 
    186, 
    218, 
    313, 
    174, 
    244, 
    219, 
    234, 
    194, 
    200, 
    180, 
    238, 
    232, 
    202, 
    227, 
    248, 
    187, 
    181, 
    195, 
    177, 
    228, 
    237, 
    196, 
    188, 
    241, 
    254, 
    189, 
    245, 
    250, 
    293, 
    165, 
    294, 
    170, 
    171, 
    172, 
    201, 
    263, 
    265, 
    296, 
    297, 
    298, 
    299, 
    300, 
    301, 
    302, 
    303, 
    304, 
    305, 
    306
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00044

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
          "rows": 11,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (286,282,272,280,266,277,273,270,285,287,289,288,292,281,279,291,269,283,275,276,274,267,278,268,271,290,284,235,216,204,242,229,222,307,251,210,168,198,166,212,176,178,190,224,255,246,311,167,182,314,175,230,220,252,197,211,213,236,185,169,243,191,247,209,217,312,203,225,193,223,315,199,215,221,214,231,240,208,179,249,253,226,186,218,313,174,244,219,234,194,200,180,238,232,202,227,248,187,181,195,177,228,237,196,188,241,254,189,245,250,293,165,294,170,171,172,201,263,265,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306) and cscart_categories.category_id <> 264"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

Result

category_id parent_id
318 306
303 306
315 306
314 306
311 302
312 302
313 302